490907
post:490907

顾洁的论文

  • 发布时间:2011-06-22 14:46
  • 作者:顾洁
  • 点击量:

                                     优化问题设计,提高教学实效,发展学生能力
                   以第五届全国小学英语优质课竞赛一等奖课例 6B Unit 3 Asking the way (A)为例
                                           南京师范大学附属小学   顾洁
     课堂教学设计离不开问题的设计。学生学习英语的过程可以看成是不断提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程。在小学英语课堂教学中,我们经常会发现:同样的教学内容,由于老师设计的问题不同,问题呈现方式和时机不同等因素给学生带来的感受也是不同的,还造成了不同的教学效果。所以,研究有效的问题设计,以及如何优化我们的问题设计,对当前的教学改革是非常有必要的。
     同时,问题也是学习内容和学生对内容的理解之间架设桥梁的工具。而有效的问题,是指那些学生能够积极回答、并因此积极参与学习过程的问题。努力创设好能激发兴趣,启发思维的教学问题是教师在课堂教学活动中的重要任务。下面笔者结合一节全国赛课一等奖课例简单谈谈自己在实践过程中对有效提问的看法。
    一、问题的设计应具有明确的目的性。
课堂上任何问题创设都必须有明确的目的,教师在备课时要认真研究,切忌随心所欲,信口开河。明确的目的性还包括设计的问题目标指向明确,这样才能让学生明确思考的方向,有话可说。但教材中有些“交流与讨论”的目标指向,不够明确,此时教师应予指导,这就要求老师在设计问题的时候应基于教材之上,基于学生之上。
如在《Asking the way》的一个教学片断上,我的问题指向就很明确,学生一听到老师的提问,就很明确。
T: Look, this is my good friend. Can you say something about him according to the hints? (Mr Smith, Australia, Nanjing)
Ss: Mr Smith is from Australia. Now he’s in Nanjing.
T: Yes, Mr Smith is in Nanjing now. He wants to visit some places. But he doesn’t know the way. What should he do?
Ss: Ask the way.
T: Yes, now he is asking Yang Ling the way.
    以上教学设计能看出教师的提问很明确,没有多余的干扰语言。问题也是直接进入。
    二、问题的设计应具有启发性。
布鲁纳说:“知识的获得是一个主动探究的过程,学习者不应是语言信息的被动接受者,而应该是知识获得的积极参与者与探究者。”因此教师的提问要能激起学生的认知冲突,启发学生积极的思考。研究表明,那些和学生已有的知识经验有一定联系,学生知道一些,但是凭已有知识又不能完全解决的问题,也就是在“新旧知识的结合点”上产生的问题,最能激发学生的认知冲突,最具有启发性。因此,问题的创设必须基于对学生已有知识经验和教材内容的全面、科学的分析,这样才能找准“结合点” 。
如在《Asking the way》Free Talk 环节中,我设计的问题就具有启发性。
T: Hello, boys and girls. I’m your new English teacher today. Firstly, I’d like you to know something about me. Please look at the pictures and try to say something about your new teacher.
     (老师给出四幅图:apple/ foot/ microphone/ Gu Lou)
     这里老师的问题是:根据你所看到的图片来说说你的新英语老师。这个问题是开放性的,是在学生原有基础上设计的,学生可以运用自己的已有知识来说说自己的英语老师。如此一来,必定激发学生的兴趣,于是听到下面的回答:
  S1:Miss Gu likes eating apples.
  S2:Miss Gu’s feet are big.
  S3:You like singing and you can sing well.
  S4:You live in Gu Lou.
 这个时候,老师才开始介绍自己:My name is Apple. I like singing and I can sing well! I live in Gulou. Every day, I go to work on foot. Because I want to keep fit. This is me. Do you know me?
  Ss: Yes.
     在了解完新老师的情况后,教师又设计了以下问题:
     I go to work on foot. How do you go to school?
     On your way to school, what can you see?
 S1: Some buildings
 S2: A lot of people.
 S3: Some public signs.
  T:Good! You can see some buildings, people on your way to school, and I can also see a lot of traffic signs on my way to work.
     Look, here they are! But what do they mean?
   T: Firstly, look at this sign. What does this sign mean?
  Ss: Turn left.
   T: What about this one?
  Ss: Turn right.
   T: Look at this sign. What does it mean?
  Ss: Crossing.
   T: Do you know crossing? There’re many crossings in the street. Look, this is the first crossing.
  Ss: The second/ third crossing.
   T: Do you know crossing now? Let’s go on. What does that sign mean?
  Ss: Go along this street.
   T: Good! All the traffic signs can show us the way. Let’s read them.
  Ss: Read the signs together.
    教师通过设计以上具有启发性的问题成功打开学生的思维,使得提出的问题像剥洋葱一样,一层一层,激发学生的认知潜力。
    三、问题的设计应具有层次性。
    在提问时,教师的问题应由易到难、由浅入深、由简到繁,层层递进,步步深入,把小学生的思维一步一个台阶地引向新的高度。具体来说,教师通过预设的问题逐渐向主题靠近,学生在教师的引导下进行思考、展开对话,一步步缩小师生间或生生间的信息沟,完成从已知领域到未知领域的探索。
    又如《Asking the way》老师在呈现对话并教授的时候,进行了以下的教学设计:
 T: Mr Smith is asking Yang Ling the way. But where does he want to go?
Let’s listen to their conversation and try to answer the question.
S1: History Museum and post office.
T: Yes. Mr Smith wants to go to the History Museum and post office. But
where’s the History Museum? Where’s the post office? This time, read the
dialogue by yourselves, draw the lines and circle the right places.
Ss: Check together.
T: How do you know that? Which sentence tells you? Can you read the sentence?
T: Well done! We know Mr Smith is asking the way. But how does he ask the way? Please read the dialogue again and try to find the questions.
What are Mr Smith’s questions?
S1: …
S2:…
T: How does Yang Ling show the way? Now please practice in pairs! One is
asking the way, the other is telling the way. The map here can help you.
    教师在新授课文时,提出的问题具有明显的层次性。先抓住整体方向,然后再进行细节的指导,这样有助于培养学生的思维,从而使得他们有条理地学习。否则就会出现东一榔头西一棒子,导致学的零散,不系统。
    四、问题的设计还应具有主体性。
首先教师要多鼓励学生善于发现和提出问题,教师要放手让学生直接参与到问题设计,引导学生提出问题,从根本上改变设问只是师问生答的被动局面。其次要鼓励学生发表创新见解,多鼓励学生对问题提出不同的看法,再次,教师要把握好问题时间。问题提出后,应给予学生充足的思考时间。教师还可以在学生进行独立思考后,组织学生讨论,让学生各抒已见,互相启发,在多向交流中获取知识。
    在《Asking the way》的最后巩固与应用环节中,教师充分地尊重学生的主
体性,让学生给现场的听课老师介绍南京的好玩地方。并且告诉听课老师如何去
这些地方。
T:  Boys and girls, there are a lot of teachers here.
    They’re from different cities. After listening to the class, they want to visit
some places in Nanjing. Where can they go? There’re a lot of good places in Nanjing.

S1: You can go to Confucious Temple.
 T: That’s a good place.
S2: You can go to Xuanwu Lake Park.
 T: Oh, that’s a beautiful place.
   What other suggestion can you give to the teachers? Please discuss in
pairs. You can use these sentences.
Ss:…
  T: And my suggestion is that: …
    You can choose any way that is convenient and comfortable for you.
    1 or 2 yuan for the bus.
    2, 3, or 4yuan for the metro.
     If you go by taxi, you will pay at least 9 yuan.
    And if you go on foot, remember to wear comfortable shoes.
    总之,优化问题设计不仅符合课堂教学改革的要求,而且也是课堂教学改革中十分重要的研究课题。它的效应不单单表现为课堂教学效果的提高,更为重要的是对学生在学习过程中如何发现问题、提出问题、研究问题和解决问题起着潜移默化的影响。在此良性循环的过程中,学生的思维方法、思维能力、创新意识得到了训练与增强,逐渐从“学会”走向“会学” 。